Marjorie Abortion Essay Example for Free

Marjorie Abortion Essay Culture is a distinctive way of life of people or groups . Culture is manifested in all aspects of life which include norms and values such as age, language, gender and social values such as religion, marriage and rite of passage. Different cultural groups norms and values compare and contrast from one cultural group to another as shown in the table with a case study of western,African,Islamic,Hinduism and Chinese culture culture. Norms and values Comparison Contrast Age -In all the cultural groups one is considered of age of majority at 18 years. -The older command more respect from minors. -In western and Chinese culture,the old people are cared for in old age homes while in Africa Islamic,and Hindus culture, they live with their families. -In western culture children have their rights about their life but in Africa it’s dictated by their parents. Gender -In all cultural groups both gender are considered important in contributing to family life and economy in general. western and Chinese people gender have equal rights while African and Muslims men are superior and have more rights than women. Language -In all groups they use symbols verbal and non verbal to communicate which are either denotative or connotative. -Language is the main form of communication. -In western culture one language like English has a wide scope of usage. when it comes to Chinese people,almost every one born in china knows Chinese language and in African language is very narrow and it have been borrowed heavily from other languages. Social values all this culture have established away of life with acceptable social values -In all culture marriage is considered important for companionship and procreation. Chinese derive their values from Confucianism and taoism while in Islamic religion,they have developed their values around their religion. The western people have diversified social values depending with families and individual status where as the African values are continuously being westernized -In African culture marriage is only between couples of different sex but in western even same sex couples do marry -Hindus parent of the woman look for a prospective march a -Muslim and African men are polygamies Islamic. Rite of passage -Different stages of life for example birth, initiation and death are considered important and are marked with various ceremonies. -In western culture the practice are done in a special way such as in hospitals but in African they are done traditionally for example by diviners. -Hindus do bath and wrap their dead. -Muslim ensures that they bury their dead within the first day after they die Religion all culture recognize recognize supernatural being and believe there is God and also recognize evil -Worship is in churches in western and are Christians. Africa it is in sacred areas for example, under a sacred tree -Muslims worship in mosques. -Hindus worship in temples and pilgrimage and believe in many gods -Chinese goes to churches. Age influences learning as young people are more able to study, understand and conceptualize than the older people. Also due to age barrier the young may be unable to learn certain issues such as leadership. Where there is gender discrimination for instance, a girl child is discriminated and are not accessed to education . Where there is gender equality there is tendency of competition thus improving learning process. Learning will be slow where there is language barrier or if language needs to be translated from one to the other, this hampers understanding and communication. Social values influence learning for instance in Africa, after initiation girls went for marriage while boys became warriors. This curtails continuity with education. References: Marjorie Ebort,Margaret Gisler. (1999). career for culture lovers and other artsy types,McGraw-hill professional

Eleanor Marx :: Economist Writers Literature Essays

Eleanor Marx Eleanor Marx has not been remembered as an economist. Her life, though more so her death, has captured the imaginations and curiosities of novelists and biographers and her existence has been cast into the role of the â€Å"tragic socialist.† Yet, as the daughter of Karl Marx, she was a prominent writer and activist for socialist reform. She edited Marx’s unpublished texts after his death and contributed several articles of her own on economic topics. Similarly, in her daily interactions, she worked for social reform that was fundamentally economic in nature and associated with a wide range of feminist and socialist activists. Many of these people themselves have been classified, or perhaps reclassified in recent years, as economists themselves. Yet Eleanor has by and large been overlooked by historians and economists. She has been relegated to the role of tragic heroine at best and a curiosity at worst. This paper will argue that both in her written legacy and in the way she conducted her personal life, Eleanor Marx was first and foremost an economist. An Economist in Writing Eleanor Marx’s essay, â€Å"The Woman Question,† clearly delineates her role as an economist and her dedication to feminism at the same time. The text was written and published with her common law husband, Edward Aveling. As Kapp points out in her extensive biography, this text was the first of Eleanor’s writings â€Å"to bear the imprint of a commercial publisher† (Kapp II, 1972, 83). While Aveling certainly was involved in producing the final document, in Kapp’s analysis at least, the majority of the underlying argument was Eleanor’s (83). Thus, we can reasonably say that this document, framed as a review of Bebel’s Woman-Past, Present, and Future, is indicative of Eleanor’s intellectual processes. The text of â€Å"The Woman Question† is ardent in its defense of economics and women. For Eleanor, the only way to improve the status of women was to tie it to the class movement. â€Å"The question is one of economics. The position of women rests, as everything in our complex modern society rests, on an economic basis† (Marx 1886). With the phrase, â€Å"everything in our complex modern society,† Eleanor not only casts herself as an economist, but establishes that any venture, be it social or academic, is fundamentally economic in nature. Thus, once she establishes that feminism is inherently an economic issue, the connection between her father’s socialist theories and her own feminism becomes clear.

Assignment on Brand Building Nike Marketing

Assignment On Brand Building Nike Marketing Essay History Nike is a major publicly traded sportswear and equipment supplier based in the United States. It is the world's leading supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment with revenue in excess of $18. 6 billion USD in its fiscal year 2008. It employed more than 30,000 people worldwide. The company was founded in January 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports by Bill Bowerman and Philip Knight, and officially became Nike, Inc. in 1978. The company takes its name from Nike the Greek goddess of victory.Nike markets its products under its own brand as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, Nike Skateboarding and subsidiaries including Cole Haan, Hurley International, Umbro and Converse. Nike also owned Bauer Hockey (later renamed Nike Bauer) between 1995 and 2008. In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name. Nike sponsors many high profile athletes and sports teams around the world, with the highly recognized trademarks of â€Å"Just do it† and the Swoosh logo.By 1980, Nike had reached a 50% market share in the United States athletic shoe market, and the company went public in December of that year. Its growth was due largely to ‘word-of-foot' advertising (to quote a Nike print ad from the late 1970s), rather than television ads. Nike's first national television commercials ran in October 1982 during the broadcast of the New York Marathon. The ads were created by Portland-based advertising agency Wieden+Kennedy, which had formed several months earlier in April 1982.Together, Nike and Wieden+Kennedy have created many print and television ads and the agency continues to be Nike's primary today. It was agency co-founder Dan Wieden who coined the now-famous slogan â€Å"Just Do It† for a 1988 Nike ad campaign, which was chosen by Advertising Age as one of the top five ad slogans of the 20th ce ntury, and the campaign has been enshrined in the Smithsonian Institution. San Franciscan Walt Stack was featured in Nike's first â€Å"Just Do It† advertisement that debuted on July 1, 1988.Wieden credits the inspiration for the slogan to â€Å"Let’s do it†, the last words spoken by Gary Gilmore before he was executed. Throughout the 1980s, Nike expanded its product line to include many other sports and regions throughout the world. What does the brand stand for? Nike stands for VICTORY. In Greek mythology, Nike was a goddess who embodied triumph. She assumed the role of the divine charioteer when Zeus was assembling allies for the Titan War; she flew around battlefields rewarding the victors with glory and fame.And the whole brand has been build around it, to convey one and only message, the one of the Victory, with a big V. While Nike started up its business selling sneakers, it reasonably hit the tipping point when the strong and sticky message which has dir ects impact on human's subconscious worn by top athletes and runners. The Nike logo  «Ã‚  swoosh  Ã‚ » was not only developed from the wing of the Greek Goddess Nike, it was also developed to impact again the subconscious of the consumer as well. How?Nike logo has the shape of a tick, and through life and education we get some automatism with tick which means right and the cross which means wrong. Nike,  «Ã‚  Just Do It  Ã‚ » happens to be the stickiest tagline ever. It wins over the hearts of hundred of millions of Nike fans, psychologically, subconsciously, imperceptibly, deadly. So the Nike brand stands for victory, and more precisely: Competency: as we used to quote the Nike co-founder Bill Bower mane who made this observation  «Ã‚  If you have a body, you are an athlete. High performance : Nike promotes its products by sponsorship agreements with celebrity athlete, professional and athletic teams, they sponsor Cricket in India an Football in France for example, the mo st popular sports > they focus only on winners Achievement : the message is pretty clear when you see champion in Olympics wearing Nike > it's just like the Nike sneakers brought him or her to achievement thanks to the spirit of the Victory Godess of Greek Never say Die attitude : the mission statement of Nike that the 30 000 employees across 6 continents make their own contribution to fulfill is > to bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world Nike’s changing Logo The Nike ‘Swoosh' embodies the spirit of the winged goddess, which the legend says inspired the most courageous and chivalrous warriors at the dawn of civilization. The first shoe to wear the swoosh logo was launched in 1972. In 2006, Nike has also experimented in its advertisements by removing the woosh altogether & Nike written in a new font, and this the old swoosh was toned down a bit. Nike Logo history Products by Nike Nike produces a wide range of sports equipment. Their first product s were track running shoes. They currently also make shoes, jerseys, shorts, baselayers etc. for a wide range of sports including track & field, baseball, ice hockey, tennis, Association football, lacrosse, basketball and cricket. Nike Air Max is a line of shoes first released by Nike, Inc. in 1987. The most recent additions to their line are the Nike 6. 0, Nike NYX, and Nike SB shoes, designed for skateboarding. Nike has recently introduced cricket shoes, called Air Zoom Yorker, designed to be 30% lighter than their competitors'.In 2008, Nike introduced the Air Jordan XX3, a high performance basketball shoe designed with the environment in mind. Nike sells an assortment of products, including shoes and apparel for sports activities for men, women, and children. Nike is well known and popular in youth culture, chav culture and hip hop culture as they supply urban fashion clothing. Nike recently teamed up with Apple Inc. to produce the Nike+ product which monitors a runner's performa nce via a radio device in the shoe which links to the iPod nano. While the product generates useful statistics, it has been criticized by researchers who were able to identify users' RFID devices from 18 m away using small, concealable intelligence motes in a wireless sensor network.Brand personality Nike has staked out a stylish, high-performance, innovative position in contrast to its competitors. It conveys the ideas of victory, puissance, sport attitude and masculinity. All these elements are emphasised by famous and successful sportive endorsement. With â€Å"Just do it Nike has promised its audience that the company is committed to the competitive spirit. Nike proposes that it will help people feel empowered, successful and best equipped to tackle the challenges of athletics. The company uses shades of gray and blue, which gives the brand a casual, unpretentious feeling. Nike’s famous swoosh creates feelings of movement and speed.Nike, the brand name itself, was once b etter known in Greek mythology as the goddess of victory. All these things and more give Nike its brand personality. How Does Nike maintain/communicate it’s intended brand image We shall concentrate on the marketing strategy of Nike by studying it’s 7 P model. Also, in the model itself we shall consider the integrated marketing communication adopted by Nike to enhance brand equity. Product Nike mainly concentrates on sportswear. The main product categories sold under Nike brand name include:http://gallery. clickthecity. com/albums/userpics/10006/pic56012. jpg Sports Footwear http://norcalsaversnest. com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/cole-haan-coupons-discounts. jpg ApparelsBags (Handbags and bagpacks) Sports accessories Sports equipment In other words, all product categories sold under the Nike brand name are directly or indirectly related to sports and athleticism which in turn is the core brand image/ identity of Nike. Other Nike Brands include Cole Haan which is into casual footwear & dresses, Nike Team Sports which sells headgear &Bauer Nike Hockey Inc. which specializes in hockey and skating equipment. Hence, Nike sells unrelated categories under other brand names thus preventing confusion in the minds of the consumer Tune Your Run: The recent venture between Apple and Nike integrates your iPod and running shoes.The main innovation is that your speed & distance data can be recorded in your iPod and then synchronized with your PC to keep a tab on your progress Nike has always strived for innovation which inturn shows in their product research and development. Strategic partnerships and alliances with the most innovative partners ensure Nike is the global leader when it comes to sportswear innovations. Some of the famous innovations include: 2. House of Hoops : Partnership with Footlocker to promote the basketball line of Nike productshttp://blog. luon. com/public/Nike. JPG 3. Mass customization: Use of flexible computer-aided manufactu ring systems to produce custom output.Those systems combine the low unit costs of  mass production  processes with the flexibility of individual  customization. Price Nike’s pricing is designed to be competitive to the other fashion shoe retailers. The pricing is based on the basis of premium segment as target customers. Nike as a brand commands high premiums. Nike’s pricing strategy makes use of vertical integration in pricing wherein they own participants at differing channel levels or take part in more than one channel level operations. This can control costs and influence product pricing. Promotion Promotion is largely dependent on finding accessible store locations. It also avails of targeted advertising in the newspaper and creating strategic alliances.Nike has a number of famous athletes that serve as brand ambassadors such as the Brazilian Soccer Team (especially Ronaldino, Renaldo, and Roberto Carlos), Lebron James and Jermane O’Neal for basketbal l, Lance Armstrong for cycling, and Tiger Woods for Golf. Nike also sponsors events such as Hoop It Up and The Golden West Invitational. Nike’s brand images, the Nike name and the trademark swoosh, make it one of the most recognizable brands in the world. Nike’s brand power is one reason for its high revenues. Nike’s quality products, loyal customer base and its great marketing techniques all contribute to make the shoe empire a huge success. Place Nike shoes are carried by multi-brand stores and the exclusive Nike stores across the globe. Nike sells its product to about 20,000 retail accounts in the U. S. and in almost 200 countries around the world.In the international markets, Nike sells its products through independent distributors, licensees and subsidiaries. Independent distributors need not adapt to local pressures because the 4Ps of marketing are managed by distributors. In terms of product differentiation, NIKE is also leading the market. The only compe titor nearly has an identical business is Adidas-Solomon. Product differentiation is healthy in the footwear industry and allows the company to increase its profits through the sale of different products. Another advantage of manufacturing a number of product lines is the reduction of risk in that if one product fails there are numerous other products to compensate for this loss.Companies in the apparel and footwear industry that concentrate on manufacturing a single product are at a great disadvantage since their revenues depend exclusively on the sales of only one type of product, therefore, increasing the potential default risk. NIKE designs most of its footwear for athletic use; however, in order to diversify its products, a large percentage of their products come from sales of footwear, apparel, and accessories for casual and leisure purposes. The company segments its products in variety of ways. First of all, it manufactures sports goods and accessories for three different gro ups of people: men, women and children. Each segment is carefully examined in terms of physical capabilities, sociological needs, and design preference.Another type of segmentation used by NIKE that helps to increase product diversification is achieved by offering footwear, apparel, accessories, such as NIKE watches or gym bags, as well as performance equipment, including sport balls, timepieces, eyewear, skates, bats, gloves, and others in virtually every type of sport: running, basketball, tennis, golf, soccer, baseball, football, bicycling, volleyball, wrestling, cheerleading, aquatic activities, hiking, fencing, and others. Besides the two segmentations described above, NIKE also has agreements for licensees to produce and sell NIKE brand items aside from athletic footwear and apparel. In part, this product differentiation is accomplished through strategic management planning by having the company sell NIKE brand timepieces, children’s clothing, school supplies, electroni c media devices, and other items. NIKE subsidiaries, such as Bauer NIKE Hockey Inc. , are yet another way the company segments its product lines.Specifically, the Bauer NIKE Hockey Inc. subsidiary manufactures and distributes ice skates, skate blades, in-line roller skates, protective gear, hockey sticks and many other licensed apparel and accessories that make NIKE stand out in its industry. Communication Gaps in Branding of Nike Nike brand stands for: Competency Achievement High performance Never say Die attitude Nike was present in India since 1996 but didn’t rezlied the Indian potential till 2005. In Dec 2005, Nike was tied up with BCCI & then later went on to become the official kit sponsor of Indian Cricket Team. In 2007, Nike released its first Cricket related advertisement in India(1).Globally Nike is a sports brand targeted to youth (mainly 15-35 yrs of age), but in India the brand is not restricted to youth or sports enthusiasts only. The brand is seen as a daily we ar brand & the customers ranging from youth who like to wear it to college to the old people who may just wear it when they are going out of their homes. The future roadmap for Nike – To Increase their Brand Equity Nike has faced a lot of international criticism due to its Sweatshops in 3rd world countries like Pakistan, Vietnam, Bangladesh etc. So, to convert this into an opportunity Nike should act as a socially responsible company & devise certain rules & regulations about the working conditions of their subcontractors.And if possible then Nike can also go for backward integration, and buy some of these subcontractors to increase their ownership & reduce their costs. The competition in the market in terms of Athletic goods is very high with major players like Adidas, Reebok, Puma, Fila etc. all growing their importance. To hedge its risk, Nike can also expand on its clothing line like currently in India Nike cotton T-shirts are available but they are available in very limi ted designs. So, Nike can grow a sports apparel maker to a fashion brand. The apparels division is the cash cow (according to BCG matrix) for Nike and thus, diversifying in this area will help Nike increase its bottomline. Thus, Nike can expand their business by expanding & adding a Daily wear clothes line to their portfolio.Nike can also sell the sports related product items which also have attributes like style & cool, something like Nike sunglasses, which are available in some countries but not in India. Nike is also under a lot of fad because of the plastics & other materials used in their shoes. So, rather than spending huge chunks on the celebrities, they can divert a small part of this advertising fund into R&D to produce green shoes i. e. environment friendly shoes. This would given them a heads up in the market in terms of innovation, would also give them a unique position in the minds of the responsible consumer, and of course an opportunity for free PR.Indian market being the world’s second largest (2) footwear manufacturer of the world has a huge opportunity of footwear sales. Thus, Nike can attack the middle & the lower end market by buying a current brand like Columbus or Welcome shoes and then manufacturing & marketing them in India. They can also, launch a complete new brand for the country & thus cater to the middle & lower segment. This way they can also cater to the vastly growing rural market of India. They have used the similar strategy by entering Walmart by buying the Starter brand, which is an apt brand for the value end of retail business. Read more:  http://www. ukessays. com/essays/marketing/assignment-on-brand-building-nike-marketing-essay. php#ixzz2O0SDwz7o

Economic Policies What is the Fiscal Policy Essay

Introduction Economic policies are aimed at finding satisfactory solutions to various problems that emerge from time to time in any economic system. In most instances, the so called problems present themselves in the form of inflation, unsatisfactory or poor economic growth and unemployment. It is not always simple and straight forward to solve such dilemmas, especially because their impact, implications and importance changes from time to time. (Roux, 2008). Making use of the monetary policy and the fiscal policy, the South African government has made efforts to address growth and poverty in the country. The National Development Plan (NDP) and the National Growth Plan (NGP) are two strategies that have been designed by the government†¦show more content†¦The cost, efficiency and capacity of the national logistics system was also identified as an area of concern. From a market perspective barriers to entry and limits to competition were pin pointed. The fiscal policy component used in hopes of promoting growth was government expenditure. The Bulk of the funds made available would go to the building of provincial and local roads, housing, schools, business centres and sport centres. Government centres in the form of police stations and courts were part of the plans. In order to curb unemployment, education and skills development were at the fore. There was a shortage of skilled labourers in the market. The areas where education for these skills would be funded were engineering, scientists, managers, artisans and IT technicians. (Roux, 2008) What is the monetary policy? The monetary policy is a strategy that the South African Reserve Bank uses to control the demand for money as well as the supply of money in order to achieve certain goals. The interest is one tool used to control the borrowing and lending of money. Therefore the main elements of the monetary policy are the interest rate, the actual supply of money through the banks and credit extensions to those borrowing money. â€Å"Before the monetary policy changes in South Africa are considered, all the role players will be consulted through the Monetary Policy Forum (MPF) (Janse van Rensburg, McConnell, Brue, 2011). The South AfricanShow MoreRelatedFiscal Policy And Fiscal Policies1560 Words   |  7 PagesFiscal Policy Brooks (2012) defines that fiscal policy is adjusting government revenue and spending in order to influence the direction of the economy and meet the economic goals of the country. The two main tools in fiscal policy are taxes and expenditure. Fiscal policy is set by the government and parliament and often used a combination with monetary policy, which set by Reserve Bank of Australia as an example. Furthermore, this essay discusses the Australian government fiscal policies during theRead MoreDo Fiscal and Monetary Policy Stimulate the Economy? Essays1467 Words   |  6 Pages Constant changes in market economies make it nearly impossible to maintain a constant level of economic activity. Fluctuations are the heart of market economies; market economies cannot exist without them. These fluctuations can be described as the business cycle, and like every cycle there are a series of events that construct these phases. The business cycle consists of three phases, expansion (until peak point is reached), a decreasing point into recession, and a rebound from recession to recoveryRead MoreEconomic Development Of A Country1027 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolved. We cannot get rid of economic if we want to talk about development. The term economics can be defined as the science of how people and societies deal with their limited resources to satisfy their unlimited wants (Miller, 2012). The development of a country is based on many characteristics, such as the average income per capita, level of education, the death rate every year, the population health, and many more , but the most important characteristic is the economic activity of a country, thereforeRead MoreTwo Of The Most Implemented Policies Government Use To Achieve Economic Growth Are Monetary Policy And Fiscal Policy1667 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Kauffman Foundation, explain in a interview with the author: â€Å"The single most important contributor to a nation’s economic growth is the number of startups that grow to a billion dollars in revenue within 20 years.† The statement made by Carl Schramm suggested that the increase of start ups, is the most important contributor to a nation economic growth. (Karlgraard,2010) Economic growth is an increase in of the Real Gross Domestic Product (Real GDP). And it is mainly cause by two factors, anRead MoreExpansionary Policy1254 Words   |  6 PagesExpansionary Fiscal and Monetary Policies Macroeconomics: ECO 203 Professor Charles Aki September 1, 2013 The US economy has seen some detrimental changes over the past decade. These changes resulted in unsubstantial unemployment rates, fluctuating interest rates, unstable GDP, and an increase in taxes. The federal government has an obligation to citizens to respond to the changes in the economy that affect each household. Expansionary Fiscal and Monetary Policies are economic policies used by theRead MoreMeg Guild . Mr.Bare . Economics . 31 April 2017. Market942 Words   |  4 PagesMeg Guild Mr.Bare Economics 31 April 2017 Market Place Essay Five Key Questions about Macroeconomics Policy The recession in 1974—1975 and two other back to back recessions in 1979—1982, which sent the employment rate to 11%. The inflation rate rose into double digits then plummeted. A period of Great Moderation came after 1985, and the recession of 1990—1991 was more manageable than the previous recession. Unfortunately, this period of tranquility was followed by the Great Recession whichRead MoreDifference Between Aggregate Demand And The Price Level1747 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion (3) A) What is Aggregate Demand? Aggregate demand is the total amount that all consumers, businesses, government agencies, and foreigners spend on final goods and services. Aggregate demand is represented by the aggregate-demand curve, and it describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Aggregate demand is not a fixed number because it depends on the price level. The relationship between aggregate demand and the price levelRead MoreFiscal Policy And Monetary Policy1735 Words   |  7 Pagesto find a better way to spend the economic money better to improve our situation. Looking at the two expansionary which is fiscal and monetary policy to find out a way to find the economic. It is macroeconomic policy that pursues to enlarge the money supply to boost economic growth or combat inflation. One of the form is fiscal policy of expansionary policy, which comes in the method of tax cuts, discounts and increased government spending. Expansionary policies do come from central banks, whichRead More Use of Monetary Policy and Fiscal Policy During The Great Recession1110 Words   |  5 PagesHow can monetary policy and fiscal policy greatly influence the US economy? Keynesian economics says, â€Å"A depressed economy is the result of inadequate spending .† According to Keynesian the government intervention can help a depressed economy through monetary policy and fiscal .The idea established by Keynes was that managing the economy is a government responsibility . Monetary policy uses changes in the quantity of money to alter interest rates, which in turn affect the level of overall spendingRead MoreMonetary and Fiscal Policy Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesMonetary Policy Monetary policy is the mechanism of a country’s monetary authority (usually the central bank) controlling money in the economy so as to promote economic growth and stability by creating relatively stable prices and low unemployment. A monetary policy mainly deals with the supply of money, availability of money, cost of money and the rate of interest so as to attain a set of objectives aiming towards growth and stability of the economy. Monetary policy is said to be expansionary